Knowledge Base

OneCloud U-Boot Backup

# Skip the MBR partition table, back up OneCloud U-Boot contents and compress
gzip -dc Boot_SkipUSBBurning.gz | dd of=/dev/mmcblk1 bs=512 seek=1 count=32767
# Restore the backed up U-Boot contents
dd if=/dev/mmcblk1 bs=512 skip=1 count=32767  | gzip > Boot_SkipUSBBurning.gz

OneCloud GPIO Driver

In practice, starting with Linux 4.8, the sysfs interface (/sys/class/gpio) is no longer recommended for GPIO operations. Instead, use character devices in userspace. libgpiod is a library for GPIO character devices and provides tools to help developers debug. libgpiod includes commands such as gpioget, gpioset, gpiodetect, gpioinfo, gpiofind, and gpiomon.

The examples below show two ways to control OneCloud GPIO: the sysfs interface and libgpiod commands.

sysfslibgpiod

#!/bin/bash
echo 420 > /sys/class/gpio/export
echo out > /sys/class/gpio/gpio420/direction
echo 0 > /sys/class/gpio/gpio420/value
case $1 in
    short)
    sleep 1
    ;;
    long)
    sleep 5
    ;;
    *)
    echo "No thing."
esac
echo 1 > /sys/class/gpio/gpio420/value
echo 420 > /sys/class/gpio/unexport

#!/bin/bash
case $1 in
    short)
    gpioset -m time -s 1 gpiochip1 7=0
    gpioset gpiochip1 7=1
    ;;
    long)
    gpioset -m time -s 5 gpiochip1 7=0
    gpioset gpiochip1 7=1
    ;;
    *)
    echo "No thing."
esac

References: gpioset command | Everyone Understands IoT (getiot.tech)

All GPIO pins on OneCloud 5.x Linux kernels

gpioinfosysfs

gpiochip0 - 83 lines:
    line   0: "J2 Header Pin 35" unused input active-high 
    line   1: "J2 Header Pin 36" unused input active-high 
    line   2: "J2 Header Pin 32" unused input active-high 
    line   3: "J2 Header Pin 31" unused input active-high 
    line   4: "J2 Header Pin 29" unused input active-high 
    line   5: "J2 Header Pin 18" unused input active-high 
    line   6: "J2 Header Pin 22" unused input active-high 
    line   7: "J2 Header Pin 16" unused input active-high 
    line   8: "J2 Header Pin 23" unused input active-high 
    line   9: "J2 Header Pin 21" unused input active-high 
    line  10: "J2 Header Pin 19" unused input active-high 
    line  11: "J2 Header Pin 33" unused input active-high 
    line  12: "J2 Header Pin 8" unused input active-high 
    line  13: "J2 Header Pin 10" unused input active-high 
    line  14: "J2 Header Pin 15" unused input active-high 
    line  15: "J2 Header Pin 13" unused input active-high 
    line  16: "J2 Header Pin 24" unused input active-high 
    line  17: "J2 Header Pin 26" unused input active-high 
    line  18: "Revision (upper)" unused input active-high 
    line  19: "Revision (lower)" unused input active-high 
    line  20: "J2 Header Pin 7" unused input active-high 
    line  21:      unnamed       unused   input  active-high 
    line  22: "J2 Header Pin 12" unused input active-high 
    line  23: "J2 Header Pin 11" unused input active-high 
    line  24:      unnamed       unused   input  active-high 
    line  25:      unnamed       unused   input  active-high 
    line  26:      unnamed       unused   input  active-high 
    line  27: "TFLASH_VDD_EN" "regulator-tflash_vdd" output active-high [used]
    line  28:      unnamed       unused   input  active-high 
    line  29:      unnamed       unused   input  active-high 
    line  30: "VCCK_PWM (PWM_C)" unused input active-high 
    line  31:   "I2CA_SDA"       unused   input  active-high 
    line  32:   "I2CA_SCL"       unused   input  active-high 
    line  33:   "I2CB_SDA"       unused   input  active-high 
    line  34:   "I2CB_SCL"       unused   input  active-high 
    line  35: "VDDEE_PWM (PWM_D)" unused input active-high 
    line  36:      unnamed       unused   input  active-high 
    line  37:   "HDMI_HPD"       unused   input  active-high 
    line  38: "HDMI_I2C_SDA" unused input active-high 
    line  39: "HDMI_I2C_SCL" unused input active-high 
    line  40: "ETH_PHY_INTR" unused input active-high 
    line  41: "ETH_PHY_NRST" "PHY reset" output active-low [used]
    line  42:   "ETH_TXD1"       unused   input  active-high 
    line  43:   "ETH_TXD0"       unused   input  active-high 
    line  44:   "ETH_TXD3"       unused   input  active-high 
    line  45:   "ETH_TXD2"       unused   input  active-high 
    line  46: "ETH_RGMII_TX_CLK" unused input active-high 
    line  47: "SD_DATA1 (SDB_D1)" unused input active-high 
    line  48: "SD_DATA0 (SDB_D0)" unused input active-high 
    line  49:     "SD_CLK"       unused   input  active-high 
    line  50:     "SD_CMD"       unused   input  active-high 
    line  51: "SD_DATA3 (SDB_D3)" unused input active-high 
    line  52: "SD_DATA2 (SDB_D2)" unused input active-high 
    line  53: "SD_CDN (SD_DET_N)" "cd" input active-low [used]
    line  54: "SDC_D0 (EMMC)" unused output active-high 
    line  55: "SDC_D1 (EMMC)" unused output active-high 
    line  56: "SDC_D2 (EMMC)" unused output active-high 
    line  57: "SDC_D3 (EMMC)" unused output active-high 
    line  58: "SDC_D4 (EMMC)" unused output active-high 
    line  59: "SDC_D5 (EMMC)" unused output active-high 
    line  60: "SDC_D6 (EMMC)" unused output active-high 
    line  61: "SDC_D7 (EMMC)" unused output active-high 
    line  62: "SDC_CLK (EMMC)" unused output active-high 
    line  63: "SDC_RSTn (EMMC)" "reset" output active-low [used]
    line  64: "SDC_CMD (EMMC)" unused output active-high 
    line  65:   "BOOT_SEL"       unused   input  active-high 
    line  66:      unnamed       unused   input  active-high 
    line  67:      unnamed       unused   input  active-high 
    line  68:      unnamed       unused   input  active-high 
    line  69:      unnamed       unused   input  active-high 
    line  70:      unnamed       unused  output  active-high 
    line  71:      unnamed       unused  output  active-high 
    line  72:      unnamed       unused   input  active-high 
    line  73:   "ETH_RXD1"       unused   input  active-high 
    line  74:   "ETH_RXD0"       unused   input  active-high 
    line  75:  "ETH_RX_DV"       unused   input  active-high 
    line  76: "RGMII_RX_CLK" unused input active-high 
    line  77:   "ETH_RXD3"       unused   input  active-high 
    line  78:   "ETH_RXD2"       unused   input  active-high 
    line  79:   "ETH_TXEN"       unused   input  active-high 
    line  80: "ETH_PHY_REF_CLK_25MOUT" unused input active-high 
    line  81:    "ETH_MDC"       unused   input  active-high 
    line  82:   "ETH_MDIO"       unused   input  active-high 
gpiochip1 - 16 lines:
    line   0:    "UART TX"       unused   input  active-high 
    line   1:    "UART RX"       unused   input  active-high 
    line   2:      unnamed       unused  output  active-high 
    line   3: "TF_3V3N_1V8_EN" "TF_IO" output active-high [used]
    line   4: "USB_HUB_RST_N" "usb-hub-reset" output active-high [used]
    line   5: "USB_OTG_PWREN" unused input active-high 
    line   6: "J7 Header Pin 2" unused input active-high 
    line   7:      "IR_IN"       unused   input  active-high 
    line   8: "J7 Header Pin 4" unused input active-high 
    line   9: "J7 Header Pin 6" unused input active-high 
    line  10: "J7 Header Pin 5" unused input active-high 
    line  11: "J7 Header Pin 7" unused input active-high 
    line  12:   "HDMI_CEC"       unused   input  active-high 
    line  13:    "SYS_LED" "BugScaner:blue:alive" output active-low [used]
    line  14:      unnamed       unused  output  active-high 
    line  15:      unnamed       unused  output  active-high

gpiochip1: GPIOs 413-428, parent: platform/c8100084.pinctrl, aobus-banks:
gpio-413 (UART TX             )
gpio-414 (UART RX             )
gpio-415 (                    )
gpio-416 (TF_3V3N_1V8_EN      |TF_IO               ) out hi 
gpio-417 (USB_HUB_RST_N       |usb-hub-reset       ) out lo 
gpio-418 (USB_OTG_PWREN       )
gpio-419 (J7 Header Pin 2     )
gpio-420 (IR_IN               )
gpio-421 (J7 Header Pin 4     )
gpio-422 (J7 Header Pin 6     )
gpio-423 (J7 Header Pin 5     )
gpio-424 (J7 Header Pin 7     )
gpio-425 (HDMI_CEC            )
gpio-426 (SYS_LED             |BugScaner:blue:alive) out hi ACTIVE LOW
gpio-427 (                    )
gpio-428 (                    )

gpiochip0: GPIOs 429-511, parent: platform/c1109880.pinctrl, cbus-banks:
gpio-429 (J2 Header Pin 35    )
gpio-430 (J2 Header Pin 36    )
gpio-431 (J2 Header Pin 32    )
gpio-432 (J2 Header Pin 31    )
gpio-433 (J2 Header Pin 29    )
gpio-434 (J2 Header Pin 18    )
gpio-435 (J2 Header Pin 22    )
gpio-436 (J2 Header Pin 16    )
gpio-437 (J2 Header Pin 23    )
gpio-438 (J2 Header Pin 21    )
gpio-439 (J2 Header Pin 19    )
gpio-440 (J2 Header Pin 33    )
gpio-441 (J2 Header Pin 8     )
gpio-442 (J2 Header Pin 10    )
gpio-443 (J2 Header Pin 15    )
gpio-444 (J2 Header Pin 13    )
gpio-445 (J2 Header Pin 24    )
gpio-446 (J2 Header Pin 26    )
gpio-447 (Revision (upper)    )
gpio-448 (Revision (lower)    )
gpio-449 (J2 Header Pin 7     )
gpio-450 (                    )
gpio-451 (J2 Header Pin 12    )
gpio-452 (J2 Header Pin 11    )
gpio-453 (                    )
gpio-454 (                    )
gpio-455 (                    )
gpio-456 (TFLASH_VDD_EN       |regulator-tflash_vdd) out lo 
gpio-457 (                    )
gpio-458 (                    )
gpio-459 (VCCK_PWM (PWM_C)    )
gpio-460 (I2CA_SDA            )
gpio-461 (I2CA_SCL            )
gpio-462 (I2CB_SDA            )
gpio-463 (I2CB_SCL            )
gpio-464 (VDDEE_PWM (PWM_D)   )
gpio-465 (                    )
gpio-466 (HDMI_HPD            )
gpio-467 (HDMI_I2C_SDA        )
gpio-468 (HDMI_I2C_SCL        )
gpio-469 (ETH_PHY_INTR        )
gpio-470 (ETH_PHY_NRST        |PHY reset           ) out hi ACTIVE LOW
gpio-471 (ETH_TXD1            )
gpio-472 (ETH_TXD0            )
gpio-473 (ETH_TXD3            )
gpio-474 (ETH_TXD2            )
gpio-475 (ETH_RGMII_TX_CLK    )
gpio-476 (SD_DATA1 (SDB_D1)   )
gpio-477 (SD_DATA0 (SDB_D0)   )
gpio-478 (SD_CLK              )
gpio-479 (SD_CMD              )
gpio-480 (SD_DATA3 (SDB_D3)   )
gpio-481 (SD_DATA2 (SDB_D2)   )
gpio-482 (SD_CDN (SD_DET_N)   |cd                  ) in  hi ACTIVE LOW
gpio-483 (SDC_D0 (EMMC)       )
gpio-484 (SDC_D1 (EMMC)       )
gpio-485 (SDC_D2 (EMMC)       )
gpio-486 (SDC_D3 (EMMC)       )
gpio-487 (SDC_D4 (EMMC)       )
gpio-488 (SDC_D5 (EMMC)       )
gpio-489 (SDC_D6 (EMMC)       )
gpio-490 (SDC_D7 (EMMC)       )
gpio-491 (SDC_CLK (EMMC)      )
gpio-492 (SDC_RSTn (EMMC)     |reset               ) out hi ACTIVE LOW
gpio-493 (SDC_CMD (EMMC)      )
gpio-494 (BOOT_SEL            )
gpio-495 (                    )
gpio-496 (                    )
gpio-497 (                    )
gpio-498 (                    )
gpio-499 (                    )
gpio-500 (                    )
gpio-501 (                    )
gpio-502 (ETH_RXD1            )
gpio-503 (ETH_RXD0            )
gpio-504 (ETH_RX_DV           )
gpio-505 (RGMII_RX_CLK        )
gpio-506 (ETH_RXD3            )
gpio-507 (ETH_RXD2            )
gpio-508 (ETH_TXEN            )
gpio-509 (ETH_PHY_REF_CLK_25MO)
gpio-510 (ETH_MDC             )
gpio-511 (ETH_MDIO            )

HDMI Loop-through

# Set the display background image
fbi text.png -T 1 -d /dev/fb0

# Clear the tty
echo -e "\033c" > /dev/tty1

# Hide the cursor
echo -e "\033[?25l" > /dev/tty1

# Output capture card video to the HDMI display
ustreamer-dump  --sink=kvmd::ustreamer::jpeg  --output - | ffmpeg  -use_wallclock_as_timestamps 1 -i pipe:c:v -an -pix_fmt bgr24 -f fbdev /dev/fb0

USB HID Relay

Control code for the CUS_HID USB relay.

Code

CPython3

#include <linux/types.h>
#include <linux/input.h>
#include <linux/hidraw.h>

#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>

#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <errno.h>

int find_usbrelay()
{
    int found = 0;
    int fd = -1;
    int result;
    int id;

    char path[32];

    const struct hidraw_devinfo usb_relay_info = 
    {
        .bustype = BUS_USB,
        .vendor = 0x5131,
        .product = 0x2007
    };

    struct hidraw_devinfo t_info;

    for(id = 0; !found; id++)   
    {
        sprintf(path, "/dev/hidraw%d", id);

        fd = open(path, O_RDWR | O_NONBLOCK);
        if (fd < 0)
            break;

        result = ioctl(fd, HIDIOCGRAWINFO, &t_info);
        if (result < 0)
            break;

        if ((t_info.bustype == usb_relay_info.bustype)
        && (t_info.vendor == usb_relay_info.vendor)
        && (t_info.product = usb_relay_info.product))
        {
            found = 1;
            break;
        }

        close(fd);
        fd = -1;
    }

    if (fd >= 0)
        close(fd);

    return found ? id : -1;
}

int set_usbrelay_onoff(int id, int ch, int onoff)
{
    int fd = -1;
    uint8_t cmd[8];

    char path[32];

    do
    {
        sprintf(path, "/dev/hidraw%d", id);

        fd = open(path, O_RDWR | O_NONBLOCK);
        if (fd < 0)
            break;

        cmd[0] = 0xA0;
        cmd[1] = ch;    // 1, 2
        cmd[2] = onoff; // 0, 1
        cmd[3] = cmd[0] + cmd[1] + cmd[2];

        write(fd, cmd, 4);

    } while(0);

    if (fd >= 0)
        close(fd);

    return 0;
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    int result;
    int id;
    int ch;
    int onoff;
    char path[32];

    do
    {
        if (argc != 3)
        {
            printf("Usage:\n"
            "\tusbrelay ch on|off\n");
            break;
        }

        ch = atoi(argv[1]);
        if (strcmp(argv[2], "on") == 0)
            onoff = 1;
        else if (strcmp(argv[2], "off") == 0)
            onoff = 0;
        else
            break;

        id = find_usbrelay();
        if (id < 0)
        {
            printf("usbrelay not found\n");
            break;
        }

        set_usbrelay_onoff(id, ch, onoff);

    } while(0);

    return 0;
}

import sys
import hid

VENDOR_ID = 0x5131
PRODUCT_ID = 0x2007

def find_usbrelay():
    for device in hid.enumerate():
        if device.get("vendor_id") == VENDOR_ID and device.get("product_id") == PRODUCT_ID:
            return device
    return None

def send_command(device_info, channel, onoff):
    device = hid.device()
    device.open(device_info['vendor_id'], device_info['product_id'])
    if device is None:
        print("Failed to open device.")
        return

    try:
        cmd = [0xA0, channel, onoff, 0xA0 + channel + onoff]
        device.write(bytearray(cmd))
    finally:
        device.close()

def main():
    if len(sys.argv) != 3:
        print("Usage:\n"
            "\tpython script.py id on|off")
        return

    try:
        id = int(sys.argv[1])
        if sys.argv[2].lower() == 'on':
            onoff = 1
        elif sys.argv[2].lower() == 'off':
            onoff = 0
        else:
            raise ValueError
    except ValueError:
        print("Invalid command, use 'on' or 'off'")
        return

    device_info = find_usbrelay()
    if device_info is None:
        print("USB relay not found")
    else:
        send_command(device_info, id, onoff)
        print(f"Sent command to channel {id}: {'ON' if onoff else 'OFF'}")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

References:

• Examples — HIDAPI documentation (trezor.github.io)
• Ubuntu 20.04 LCUS_HID USB relay driver (CSDN)

Reset USB Devices on Linux

If a USB device is in an abnormal state, you can use the usbreset utility to reset it. Install usbreset with the following commands for your distribution.

sudo apt install usbutils         [On Debian, Ubuntu and Mint]
sudo yum install usbutils         [On RHEL/CentOS/Fedora and Rocky/AlmaLinux]
sudo emerge -a sys-apps/usbutils  [On Gentoo Linux]
sudo apk add usbutils             [On Alpine Linux]
sudo pacman -S usbutils           [On Arch Linux]
sudo zypper install usbutils      [On OpenSUSE]    
sudo pkg install usbutils         [On FreeBSD]

After installation, reset a USB device with the following command. Replace Bus 001 Device 004 with your USB device's bus and device numbers:

sudo usbreset /dev/bus/usb/001/004

Or use one of the following commands, where VID:PID is the USB device ID from lsusb, or bus:device is the bus and device number:

sudo usbreset 090c:1000
sudo usbreset 001:005

References:

• How to reset a USB device from the Linux terminal